Global, Regional, and National Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Years of Life Lost, Years Lived With Disability, and Disability-Adjusted Life-Years for 29 Cancer Groups, 1990 to 2017: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study.
Global Burden of Disease Cancer Collaboration None., Fitzmaurice C., Abate D., Abbasi N., Abbastabar H., Abd-Allah F., Abdel-Rahman O., Abdelalim A., Abdoli A., Abdollahpour I., Abdulle ASM., Abebe ND., Abraha HN., Abu-Raddad LJ., Abualhasan A., Adedeji IA., Advani SM., Afarideh M., Afshari M., Aghaali M., Agius D., Agrawal S., Ahmadi A., Ahmadian E., Ahmadpour E., Ahmed MB., Akbari ME., Akinyemiju T., Al-Aly Z., AlAbdulKader AM., Alahdab F., Alam T., Alamene GM., Alemnew BTT., Alene KA., Alinia C., Alipour V., Aljunid SM., Bakeshei FA., Almadi MAH., Almasi-Hashiani A., Alsharif U., Alsowaidi S., Alvis-Guzman N., Amini E., Amini S., Amoako YA., Anbari Z., Anber NH., Andrei CL., Anjomshoa M., Ansari F., Ansariadi A., Appiah SCY., Arab-Zozani M., Arabloo J., Arefi Z., Aremu O., Areri HA., Artaman A., Asayesh H., Asfaw ET., Ashagre AF., Assadi R., Ataeinia B., Atalay HT., Ataro Z., Atique S., Ausloos M., Avila-Burgos L., Avokpaho EFGA., Awasthi A., Awoke N., Ayala Quintanilla BP., Ayanore MA., Ayele HT., Babaee E., Bacha U., Badawi A., Bagherzadeh M., Bagli E., Balakrishnan S., Balouchi A., Bärnighausen TW., Battista RJ., Behzadifar M., Behzadifar M., Bekele BB., Belay YB., Belayneh YM., Berfield KKS., Berhane A., Bernabe E., Beuran M., Bhakta N., Bhattacharyya K., Biadgo B., Bijani A., Bin Sayeed MS., Birungi C., Bisignano C., Bitew H., Bjørge T., Bleyer A., Bogale KA., Bojia HA., Borzì AM., Bosetti C., Bou-Orm IR., Brenner H., Brewer JD., Briko AN., Briko NI., Bustamante-Teixeira MT., Butt ZA., Carreras G., Carrero JJ., Carvalho F., Castro C., Castro F., Catalá-López F., Cerin E., Chaiah Y., Chanie WF., Chattu VK., Chaturvedi P., Chauhan NS., Chehrazi M., Chiang PP-C., Chichiabellu TY., Chido-Amajuoyi OG., Chimed-Ochir O., Choi J-YJ., Christopher DJ., Chu D-T., Constantin M-M., Costa VM., Crocetti E., Crowe CS., Curado MP., Dahlawi SMA., Damiani G., Darwish AH., Daryani A., das Neves J., Demeke FM., Demis AB., Demissie BW., Demoz GT., Denova-Gutiérrez E., Derakhshani A., Deribe KS., Desai R., Desalegn BB., Desta M., Dey S., Dharmaratne SD., Dhimal M., Diaz D., Dinberu MTT., Djalalinia S., Doku DT., Drake TM., Dubey M., Dubljanin E., Duken EE., Ebrahimi H., Effiong A., Eftekhari A., El Sayed I., Zaki MES., El-Jaafary SI., El-Khatib Z., Elemineh DA., Elkout H., Ellenbogen RG., Elsharkawy A., Emamian MH., Endalew DA., Endries AY., Eshrati B., Fadhil I., Fallah Omrani V., Faramarzi M., Farhangi MA., Farioli A., Farzadfar F., Fentahun N., Fernandes E., Feyissa GT., Filip I., Fischer F., Fisher JL., Force LM., Foroutan M., Freitas M., Fukumoto T., Futran ND., Gallus S., Gankpe FG., Gayesa RT., Gebrehiwot TT., Gebremeskel GG., Gedefaw GA., Gelaw BK., Geta B., Getachew S., Gezae KE., Ghafourifard M., Ghajar A., Ghashghaee A., Gholamian A., Gill PS., Ginindza TTG., Girmay A., Gizaw M., Gomez RS., Gopalani SV., Gorini G., Goulart BNG., Grada A., Ribeiro Guerra M., Guimaraes ALS., Gupta PC., Gupta R., Hadkhale K., Haj-Mirzaian A., Haj-Mirzaian A., Hamadeh RR., Hamidi S., Hanfore LK., Haro JM., Hasankhani M., Hasanzadeh A., Hassen HY., Hay RJ., Hay SI., Henok A., Henry NJ., Herteliu C., Hidru HD., Hoang CL., Hole MK., Hoogar P., Horita N., Hosgood HD., Hosseini M., Hosseinzadeh M., Hostiuc M., Hostiuc S., Househ M., Hussen MM., Ileanu B., Ilic MD., Innos K., Irvani SSN., Iseh KR., Islam SMS., Islami F., Jafari Balalami N., Jafarinia M., Jahangiry L., Jahani MA., Jahanmehr N., Jakovljevic M., James SL., Javanbakht M., Jayaraman S., Jee SH., Jenabi E., Jha RP., Jonas JB., Jonnagaddala J., Joo T., Jungari SB., Jürisson M., Kabir A., Kamangar F., Karch A., Karimi N., Karimian A., Kasaeian A., Kasahun GG., Kassa B., Kassa TD., Kassaw MW., Kaul A., Keiyoro PN., Kelbore AG., Kerbo AA., Khader YS., Khalilarjmandi M., Khan EA., Khan G., Khang Y-H., Khatab K., Khater A., Khayamzadeh M., Khazaee-Pool M., Khazaei S., Khoja AT., Khosravi MH., Khubchandani J., Kianipour N., Kim D., Kim YJ., Kisa A., Kisa S., Kissimova-Skarbek K., Komaki H., Koyanagi A., Krohn KJ., Bicer BK., Kugbey N., Kumar V., Kuupiel D., La Vecchia C., Lad DP., Lake EA., Lakew AM., Lal DK., Lami FH., Lan Q., Lasrado S., Lauriola P., Lazarus JV., Leigh J., Leshargie CT., Liao Y., Limenih MA., Listl S., Lopez AD., Lopukhov PD., Lunevicius R., Madadin M., Magdeldin S., El Razek HMA., Majeed A., Maleki A., Malekzadeh R., Manafi A., Manafi N., Manamo WA., Mansourian M., Mansournia MA., Mantovani LG., Maroufizadeh S., Martini SMS., Mashamba-Thompson TP., Massenburg BB., Maswabi MT., Mathur MR., McAlinden C., McKee M., Meheretu HAA., Mehrotra R., Mehta V., Meier T., Melaku YA., Meles GG., Meles HG., Melese A., Melku M., Memiah PTN., Mendoza W., Menezes RG., Merat S., Meretoja TJ., Mestrovic T., Miazgowski B., Miazgowski T., Mihretie KMM., Miller TR., Mills EJ., Mir SM., Mirzaei H., Mirzaei HR., Mishra R., Moazen B., Mohammad DK., Mohammad KA., Mohammad Y., Darwesh AM., Mohammadbeigi A., Mohammadi H., Mohammadi M., Mohammadian M., Mohammadian-Hafshejani A., Mohammadoo-Khorasani M., Mohammadpourhodki R., Mohammed AS., Mohammed JA., Mohammed S., Mohebi F., Mokdad AH., Monasta L., Moodley Y., Moosazadeh M., Moossavi M., Moradi G., Moradi-Joo M., Moradi-Lakeh M., Moradpour F., Morawska L., Morgado-da-Costa J., Morisaki N., Morrison SD., Mosapour A., Mousavi SM., Muche AA., Muhammed OSS., Musa J., Nabhan AF., Naderi M., Nagarajan AJ., Nagel G., Nahvijou A., Naik G., Najafi F., Naldi L., Nam HS., Nasiri N., Nazari J., Negoi I., Neupane S., Newcomb PA., Nggada HA., Ngunjiri JW., Nguyen CT., Nikniaz L., Ningrum DNA., Nirayo YL., Nixon MR., Nnaji CA., Nojomi M., Nosratnejad S., Shiadeh MN., Obsa MS., Ofori-Asenso R., Ogbo FA., Oh I-H., Olagunju AT., Olagunju TO., Oluwasanu MM., Omonisi AE., Onwujekwe OE., Oommen AM., Oren E., Ortega-Altamirano DDV., Ota E., Otstavnov SS., Owolabi MO., P A M., Padubidri JR., Pakhale S., Pakpour AH., Pana A., Park E-K., Parsian H., Pashaei T., Patel S., Patil ST., Pennini A., Pereira DM., Piccinelli C., Pillay JD., Pirestani M., Pishgar F., Postma MJ., Pourjafar H., Pourmalek F., Pourshams A., Prakash S., Prasad N., Qorbani M., Rabiee M., Rabiee N., Radfar A., Rafiei A., Rahim F., Rahimi M., Rahman MA., Rajati F., Rana SM., Raoofi S., Rath GK., Rawaf DL., Rawaf S., Reiner RC., Renzaho AMN., Rezaei N., Rezapour A., Ribeiro AI., Ribeiro D., Ronfani L., Roro EM., Roshandel G., Rostami A., Saad RS., Sabbagh P., Sabour S., Saddik B., Safiri S., Sahebkar A., Salahshoor MR., Salehi F., Salem H., Salem MR., Salimzadeh H., Salomon JA., Samy AM., Sanabria J., Santric Milicevic MM., Sartorius B., Sarveazad A., Sathian B., Satpathy M., Savic M., Sawhney M., Sayyah M., Schneider IJC., Schöttker B., Sekerija M., Sepanlou SG., Sepehrimanesh M., Seyedmousavi S., Shaahmadi F., Shabaninejad H., Shahbaz M., Shaikh MA., Shamshirian A., Shamsizadeh M., Sharafi H., Sharafi Z., Sharif M., Sharifi A., Sharifi H., Sharma R., Sheikh A., Shirkoohi R., Shukla SR., Si S., Siabani S., Silva DAS., Silveira DGA., Singh A., Singh JA., Sisay S., Sitas F., Sobngwi E., Soofi M., Soriano JB., Stathopoulou V., Sufiyan MB., Tabarés-Seisdedos R., Tabuchi T., Takahashi K., Tamtaji OR., Tarawneh MR., Tassew SG., Taymoori P., Tehrani-Banihashemi A., Temsah M-H., Temsah O., Tesfay BE., Tesfay FH., Teshale MY., Tessema GA., Thapa S., Tlaye KG., Topor-Madry R., Tovani-Palone MR., Traini E., Tran BX., Tran KB., Tsadik AG., Ullah I., Uthman OA., Vacante M., Vaezi M., Varona Pérez P., Veisani Y., Vidale S., Violante FS., Vlassov V., Vollset SE., Vos T., Vosoughi K., Vu GT., Vujcic IS., Wabinga H., Wachamo TM., Wagnew FS., Waheed Y., Weldegebreal F., Weldesamuel GT., Wijeratne T., Wondafrash DZ., Wonde TE., Wondmieneh AB., Workie HM., Yadav R., Yadegar A., Yadollahpour A., Yaseri M., Yazdi-Feyzabadi V., Yeshaneh A., Yimam MA., Yimer EM., Yisma E., Yonemoto N., Younis MZ., Yousefi B., Yousefifard M., Yu C., Zabeh E., Zadnik V., Moghadam TZ., Zaidi Z., Zamani M., Zandian H., Zangeneh A., Zaki L., Zendehdel K., Zenebe ZM., Zewale TA., Ziapour A., Zodpey S., Murray CJL.
ImportanceCancer and other noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are now widely recognized as a threat to global development. The latest United Nations high-level meeting on NCDs reaffirmed this observation and also highlighted the slow progress in meeting the 2011 Political Declaration on the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases and the third Sustainable Development Goal. Lack of situational analyses, priority setting, and budgeting have been identified as major obstacles in achieving these goals. All of these have in common that they require information on the local cancer epidemiology. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study is uniquely poised to provide these crucial data.ObjectiveTo describe cancer burden for 29 cancer groups in 195 countries from 1990 through 2017 to provide data needed for cancer control planning.Evidence reviewWe used the GBD study estimation methods to describe cancer incidence, mortality, years lived with disability, years of life lost, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs). Results are presented at the national level as well as by Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income, educational attainment, and total fertility rate. We also analyzed the influence of the epidemiological vs the demographic transition on cancer incidence.FindingsIn 2017, there were 24.5 million incident cancer cases worldwide (16.8 million without nonmelanoma skin cancer [NMSC]) and 9.6 million cancer deaths. The majority of cancer DALYs came from years of life lost (97%), and only 3% came from years lived with disability. The odds of developing cancer were the lowest in the low SDI quintile (1 in 7) and the highest in the high SDI quintile (1 in 2) for both sexes. In 2017, the most common incident cancers in men were NMSC (4.3 million incident cases); tracheal, bronchus, and lung (TBL) cancer (1.5 million incident cases); and prostate cancer (1.3 million incident cases). The most common causes of cancer deaths and DALYs for men were TBL cancer (1.3 million deaths and 28.4 million DALYs), liver cancer (572 000 deaths and 15.2 million DALYs), and stomach cancer (542 000 deaths and 12.2 million DALYs). For women in 2017, the most common incident cancers were NMSC (3.3 million incident cases), breast cancer (1.9 million incident cases), and colorectal cancer (819 000 incident cases). The leading causes of cancer deaths and DALYs for women were breast cancer (601 000 deaths and 17.4 million DALYs), TBL cancer (596 000 deaths and 12.6 million DALYs), and colorectal cancer (414 000 deaths and 8.3 million DALYs).Conclusions and relevanceThe national epidemiological profiles of cancer burden in the GBD study show large heterogeneities, which are a reflection of different exposures to risk factors, economic settings, lifestyles, and access to care and screening. The GBD study can be used by policy makers and other stakeholders to develop and improve national and local cancer control in order to achieve the global targets and improve equity in cancer care.