Mapping inequalities in exclusive breastfeeding in low- and middle-income countries, 2000–2018
Bhattacharjee NV., Schaeffer LE., Hay SI., Lu D., Schipp MF., Lazzar-Atwood A., Donkers KM., Abady GG., Abd-Allah F., Abdelalim A., Abebo ZH., Abejie AN., Abosetugn AE., Abreu LG., Abrigo MRM., Abu-Gharbieh E., Abushouk AI., Adamu AL., Adedeji IA., Adegbosin AE., Adekanmbi V., Adetokunboh OO., Agudelo-Botero M., Aji B., Akinyemi OO., Alamneh AA., Alanezi FM., Alanzi TM., Albright J., Alcalde-Rabanal JE., Alemu BW., Alhassan RK., Ali BA., Ali S., Alinia C., Alipour V., Amit AML., Amugsi DA., Anbesu EW., Ancuceanu R., Anjomshoa M., Ansari F., Antonio CAT., Anvari D., Arabloo J., Arora A., Artanti KD., Asemahagn MA., Asmare WN., Atout MMW., Ausloos M., Awoke N., Quintanilla BPA., Ayanore MA., Aynalem YA., Ayza MA., Azene ZN., Darshan BB., Badiye AD., Baig AA., Bakkannavar SM., Banach M., Banik PC., Bärnighausen TW., Basaleem H., Bayati M., Baye BA., Bedi N., Belay SA., Bhagavathula AS., Bhandari D., Bhardwaj N., Bhardwaj P., Bhutta ZA., Bijani A., Birhan TA., Birihane BM., Bitew ZW., Bohlouli S., Bohluli M., Bojia HA., Boloor A., Brady OJ., Bragazzi NL., Brunoni AR., Budhathoki SS., Nagaraja SB., Butt ZA., Cárdenas R., Castaldelli-Maia JM., Castro F., Cernigliaro A., Charan J., Chatterjee P., Chatterjee S., Chattu VK., Chaturvedi S., Chowdhury MAK., Chu D-T., Collison ML., Cook AJ., Cork MA., Couto RAS., Dagnew B., Dai H., Dandona L., Dandona R., Daneshpajouhnejad P., Darwesh AM., Darwish AH., Daryani A., Das JK., Gupta RD., Dávila-Cervantes CA., Davis AC., Weaver ND., Denova-Gutiérrez E., Deribe K., Desalew A., Deshpande A., Dessie A., Deuba K., Dharmaratne SD., Dhimal M., Dhungana GP., Diaz D., Didarloo A., Dipeolu IO., Doan LP., Duko B., Duraes AR., Dwyer-Lindgren L., Earl L., Zaki MES., Tantawi ME., Elema TB., Elhabashy HR., El-Jaafary SI., Faris PS., Faro A., Farzadfar F., Feigin VL., Feleke BE., Ferede TY., Fischer F., Foigt NA., Folayan MO., Franklin RC., Gad MM., Gaidhane S., Gardner WM., Geberemariyam BS., Gebregiorgis BG., Gebremedhin KB., Gebremichael B., Ghaffarpasand F., Gilani SA., Ginindza TG., Glagn M., Golechha M., Gonfa KB., Goulart BNG., Gudi N., Guido D., Guled RA., Guo Y., Hamidi S., Handiso DW., Hasaballah AI., Hassan A., Hayat K., Hegazy MI., Heidari B., Henry NJ., Herteliu C., de Hidru HD., Ho HC., Hoang CL., Holla R., Hon J., Hosseini M., Hosseinzadeh M., Househ M., Hsairi M., Hu G., Huda TM., Hwang B-F., Ibitoye SE., Ilesanmi OS., Ilic IM., Ilic MD., Inbaraj LR., Iqbal U., Irvani SSN., Islam MM., Iwu CCD., Iwu CJ., Jain A., Janodia MD., Javaheri T., John-Akinola YO., Johnson KB., Joukar F., Jozwiak JJ., Kabir A., Kalankesh LR., Kalhor R., Kamath A., Kamyari N., Kanchan OT., Kapoor N., Matin BK., Karimi SE., Kasaye HK., Kassahun G., Kassebaum NJ., Kayode GA., Karyani AK., Keiyoro PN., Kelkay B., Khalid N., Khan MN., Khatab K., Khater AM., Khater MM., Khatib MN., Kim YJ., Kimokoti RW., Kinyoki DK., Kisa A., Kisa S., Kosen S., Krishan K., Kulkarni V., Kumar GA., Kumar M., Kumar N., Kumar P., Kurmi OP., Kusuma D., Vecchia CL., Lad SD., Lami FH., Landires I., Lansingh VC., Lasrado S., Lee PH., LeGrand KE., Letourneau ID., Lewycka S., Li B., Li M-C., Li S., Liu X., Lodha R., Lopez JCF., Louie C., Machado DB., Maled V., Maleki S., Malta DC., Mamun AA., Manafi N., Mansournia MA., Mapoma CC., Marczak LB., Martins-Melo FR., Mehndiratta MM., Mejia-Rodriguez F., Mekonnen TC., Mendoza W., Menezes RG., Mengesha EW., Mersha AM., Miller TR., Mini GK., Mirrakhimov EM., Misra S., Moghadaszadeh M., Mohammad DK., Mohammadian-Hafshejani A., Mohammed JA., Mohammed S., Mokdad AH., Montero-Zamora PA., Moradi M., Moradzadeh R., Moraga P., Mosser JF., Mousavi SM., Khaneghah AM., Munro SB., Muriithi MK., Mustafa G., Muthupandian S., Nagarajan AJ., Naik G., Naimzada MD., Nangia V., Nascimento BR., Nayak VC., Ndejjo R., Ndwandwe DE., Negoi I., Nguefack-Tsague G., Ngunjiri JW., Nguyen CT., Nguyen DN., Nguyen HLT., Nigussie SN., Nigussie TTN., Nikbakhsh R., Nnaji CA., Nunez-Samudio V., Oancea B., Oghenetega OB., Olagunju AT., Olusanya BO., Olusanya JO., Omer MO., Onwujekwe OE., Ortega-Altamirano DV., Osgood-Zimmerman AE., Otstavnov N., Otstavnov SS., Owolabi MO., Mahesh PA., Padubidri JR., Pana A., Pandey A., Pandi-Perumal SR., Pangaribuan HU., Parsekar SS., Pasupula DK., Patel UK., Pathak A., Pathak M., Pattanshetty SM., Patton GC., Paulos K., Pepito VCF., Pickering BV., Pinheiro M., Piwoz EG., Pokhrel KN., Pourjafar H., Prada SI., Pribadi DRA., Syed ZQ., Rabiee M., Rabiee N., Rahim F., Rahimzadeh S., Rahman A., Rahman MHU., Rahmani AM., Rai RK., Ranabhat CL., Rao SJ., Rastogi P., Rathi P., Rawaf DL., Rawaf S., Rawassizadeh R., Rawat R., Rawat R., Regassa LD., Rego MAS., Reiner RC., Reshmi B., Rezapour A., Ribeiro AI., Rickard J., Roever L., Rumisha SF., Rwegerera GM., Sagar R., Sajadi SM., Salem MR., Samy AM., Santric-Milicevic MM., Saraswathy SYI., Sarker AR., Sartorius B., Sathian B., Saxena D., Sbarra AN., Sengupta D., Senthilkumaran S., Sha F., Shafaat O., Shaheen AA., Shaikh MA., Shalash AS., Shannawaz M., Sheikh A., Shetty BSK., Shetty RS., Shibuya K., Shiferaw WS., Shin JI., Silva DAS., Singh NP., Singh P., Singh S., Sintayehu Y., Skryabin VY., Skryabina AA., Soheili A., Soltani S., Sorrie MB., Spurlock EE., Steuben KM., Sudaryanto A., Sufiyan MB., Swartz SJ., Tadesse EG., Tamiru AT., Tapak L., Tareque MI., Tarigan IU., Tesema GA., Tesfay FH., Teshome A., Tessema ZT., Thankappan KR., Thapar R., Thomas N., Topor-Madry R., Tovani-Palone MR., Traini E., Tran BX., Truong PN., Tsegaye BTBT., Ullah I., Umeokonkwo CD., Unnikrishnan B., Upadhyay E., Uzochukwu BSC., VanderHeide JD., Violante FS., Vo B., Wado YD., Waheed Y., Wamai RG., Wang F., Wang Y., Wang Y-P., Wickramasinghe ND., Wiens KE., Wiysonge CS., Woyczynski L., Wu A-M., Wu C., Yamada T., Yaya S., Yeshaneh A., Yeshaw Y., Yeshitila YG., Yilma MT., Yip P., Yonemoto N., Yosef T., Younis MZ., Yousuf AY., Yu C., Yu Y., Yuce D., Zafar S., Zaidi SS., Zaki L., Zakzuk J., Zamanian M., Zar HJ., Zastrozhin MS., Zastrozhina A., Zelellw DA., Zhang Y., Zhang Z-J., Zhao X-JG., Zodpey S., Zuniga YMH., Hay SI.
AbstractExclusive breastfeeding (EBF)—giving infants only breast-milk for the first 6 months of life—is a component of optimal breastfeeding practices effective in preventing child morbidity and mortality. EBF practices are known to vary by population and comparable subnational estimates of prevalence and progress across low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are required for planning policy and interventions. Here we present a geospatial analysis of EBF prevalence estimates from 2000 to 2018 across 94 LMICs mapped to policy-relevant administrative units (for example, districts), quantify subnational inequalities and their changes over time, and estimate probabilities of meeting the World Health Organization’s Global Nutrition Target (WHO GNT) of ≥70% EBF prevalence by 2030. While six LMICs are projected to meet the WHO GNT of ≥70% EBF prevalence at a national scale, only three are predicted to meet the target in all their district-level units by 2030.