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Although the map of malaria in Africa has seen little reduction since 1970, the likelihood of getting infected has never been so low. For further progress, we need better tools – insecticides, drugs and vaccines – as well as economic development and investments in health systems. Cartography of the disease helps design interventions, and a better understanding of how immunity develops will also shape the future of malaria in Africa.

Bob Snow: The future of malaria in Africa

Child mortality from infectious diseases in the tropics has decreased, but a high fatality rate in hospital and post-discharge remains for vulnerable groups such as newborns and malnourished children. The CHAIN Networks looks at preventable causes of death across 9 sites in Africa and South Asia, conducting clinical trials to improve treatments and guidelines, to improve outcomes.

Jay Berkley: Infections, nutrition and survival

Community and public engagement not only allows researchers to give information and receive feedback, it can be embedded in a research project from the beginning, from protocol development to consent documents. Relationship and trust building is a continuous process, a skill that researchers need to improve as it will eventually benefit the community where they reside.

Noni Mumba: Engaging communities on health research

Chronic respiratory diseases disproportionately affects young adults in low income settings, particularly when they had been exposed to noxious substances from biomass smoke in early life. Using methods developed to understand airway inflammation caused by viral infections can help us understand the mechanisms underlying this pathology and better devise interventions.

Charles Sande: Airway inflammation in early life

Biobanking, the sharing of samples for research purposes, is an emerging area in LMICs. The issue of broad, un-specified consent needs to be addressed, as well as consent given by parents on behalf of their children. We also need to ensure that biobanking doesn’t increase the inequity between developed and developing countries, and that community perceptions about biobanking ultimately feed into policies, guidelines and ethical frameworks.

Dorcas Kamuya: Ethical issues for biobanking in LMICs

Mathematical modelling, particularly when combined with economical modelling, allows researchers and policy makers to determine the most effective interventions to fight infectious diseases such as malaria. We can use those models to explore ‘what ifs’ scenarios, at country or province level, save more lives and limit costs.

Lisa White: Mathematical modelling for tropical diseases

Nurses are the largest part of the health care workforce an millions more will be needed in LMIC if high quality care is to be available to everyone. Research that addresses the consequences of the shortage of nurses but also helps generate ideas on solutions is important and should be conducted in partnership with the nursing profession.

Sharon Brownie: Nursing Research in a Global Context

Care for even the sickest newborns in many countries is limited by the resources available but there are some key interventions that can save lives. Delivering these interventions requires doctors and nurses to work together and often it is the continuous care provided by the nursing team together with families that is critical. Despite this a number of babies die and understanding risks is important to help provide information to families, to help plan care and should help us design better systems of care.

Jalemba Aluvaala: The treatment and outcomes of care for sick newborns

Caring for sick newborns in a poorly resourced hospital is a very challenging job. Yet this is not the only challenge many nurses face as they juggle supporting families and lives in a busy city. Some nurses have developed ways to cope in these difficult circumstances but for many the relentless pressure may cause them harm while upholding the ideals of nursing may seem impossible.

Jacob McKnight: Under pressure, the challenges of neonatal nursing

Sick newborns require large amounts of nursing time, so what happens when nurses have to care for too many babies? By making direct observations of the care that is given this important new research identified how much care is missed. More care is missed when nurses have more babies to care for, showing the direct consequences of health care worker shortages.

David Gathara: Quantifying nursing care done (or left undone)

To really understand the work of nurses in very busy wards where care for sick newborns is provided, you have to be there. Using detailed observations, day, night and weekends, linked to narrative interviews, the routines, compromises and coping strategies that characterise the delivery of hospital care for newborns are brought to light providing critical information to understand why care is missed and to guide improvement efforts.

Jacinta Nzinga: Understanding nurses’ work to care for sick newborns

Basic hospital care may be key to saving newborn lives. Professor Mike English outlines a multidisciplinary project engaging policy-makers and practitioners in Kenya. This project demonstrated poor coverage of Nairobi’s 4.25 million population if a sick newborn baby needs quality hospital care. Using novel research approaches the team also identified how severe shortages of nurses contribute to poor quality of care for patients and negatively affect nurses themselves.

Mike English: Health services that deliver for newborns

Brain infections such as meningitis and encephalitis are highly debilitating diseases, and an accurate diagnostic is essential to give patients the best treatment available. For cryptococcal meningitis, clinical trials focus on prevention, for an early diagnosis, and novel ways to use existing treatments or repurpose old drugs.

Jeremy Day: Central nervous system and HIV infections in Vietnam

Antimicrobial resistance is a huge burden in Nepal, particularly in hospitals where many nosocomial infections are caused by resistant pathogens. With limited resources, little infection controls and proper guidelines in place, finding out the main risk factors helps reduce infection rates within a hospital and better target vaccination campaigns.

Abhilasha Karkey: Connecting research with communities in Nepal

Many households in Vietnam raise animals for food production, particularly chickens, using large amounts of antimicrobials with no veterinary support, and those antimicrobials find their way into the food chain. The ViParc project conducts intervention trials similar to human clinical trials, to help farmers reduce the level of antimicrobials used when raising chickens.

Juan Carrique-Mas: Antimicrobial resistance in poultry production

There is long tradition of social sciences in medicine, and the communication with the medical sciences is now improving. Social researchers can help, for instance, better design clinical trials to include social factors, contextualise interventions and put the results at a population level perspective.

Marco Haenssgen: Health policy and systems

Infections such as dengue and Japanese encephalitis are important problems in Laos but confirmed data are lacking, particularly from outside the capital Vientiane. Rapid diagnostic tests that can be kept at tropical room temperature help better diagnosis and treatment, and also inform policy to implement vaccination programmes.

Audrey Dubot-Peres: Viral infections in Laos

Scrub typhus is an infection caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi, a bacteria transmitted by the bite of an infected chigger mite. Characterised by a variety of symptoms and a high mortality rate, scrub typhus is an underfunded, neglected tropical disease not even listed by the WHO. Better diagnostic tests and optimised treatments are being developed since no vaccine is currently available.

Tri Wangrangsimakul: Scrub typhus in northern Thailand

Genomics is the study of the complete DNA sequence, for example of a particular parasite, allowing us to analyse its evolution and the impact of human interventions. Alongside clinical date, we use genomics to identify mutations that are markers for drug resistance. Mapping out drug resistance then helps inform elimination programmes.

Olivo Miotto: Genomics and global health

Although incidence of malaria has decreased in Vietnam, the burden of infectious diseases remains high and weighs heavily on the health care system. Clinical research aims to allow investments to go further: findings in the laboratory, tested in clinical trials and then applied to the community, help improve diagnosis and management.

Tran Hien: Infectious diseases in the tropics

The role of biostatisticians in clinical research is to contribute to trial design, by calculating sample size for example, and to help draw correct conclusions from the data, discriminating important information from noise. They are instrumental in the translation of a practical problem into a statistical model, and the translation of the result into practice.

Ronald Geskus: Sophisticated biostatistics for complex clinical research

Antibiotics are widely used in Vietnam, leading to widespread antimicrobial resistance. Monitoring antibiotic use helps inform the government to change treatment guidelines and implement antibiotic stewardship programmes. This may also prevent the transmission of resistant bacteria outside the country.

Rogier van Doorn: Research at OUCRU Hanoi

$Tuberculosis meningitis affects a fractions of TB patients but causes high levels of mortality and morbidity. A recent trial at OUCRU showed that aspirin can greatly improve outcomes. Such trial is typical of the work done in our Vietnam units, where all the research is focussed on improving the outcome for patients directly.$

Guy Thwaites: Tuberculosis meningitis

OUCRU laboratories provide support to the unit’s extensive clinical research programme, from level 2 laboratory to SAPO 4 laboratory for high-risk pathogens responsible for zoonotic infections. Early diagnosis and detection of antimicrobial resistance help prescribe the right medicine in time, contributing to better patient management.

Motiur Rahman: OUCRU laboratory management

Vivax malaria used to be considered benign but is now recognised as an important cause of morbidity and mortality. Resistance to chloroquine (given to treat the parasite blood stage) is growing and ACT (artemisinin-based combination therapy) is becoming common treatment for vivax malaria. New drugs and better public health strategies can help elimination targets, anticipated for 2030.

Ric Price: Curing Plasmodium vivax malaria

Indonesia is a very populous country with a huge burden of infectious diseases such as TB, malaria, HIV and CNS infections. Running clinical trials requires high levels of expertise, currently developed and strengthened by institutions such as IOCRL (Universities of Indonesia and Oxford Clinical Research laboratory). Better collaborations will also help great ideas make a bigger impact.

Raph Hamers: Developing collaborative clinical trials in Indonesia

Drug resistant infections are a global crisis and we cannot focus on our own country only. Clinical trials in low and middle income countries where the burden is highest, as well as work with local communities and engagement with policy makers help influence public health policies.

Heiman Wertheim: Clinical research in low and middle-income countries

Anti-malaria drug resistance is spreading throughout Southeast Asia and we need to find new treatments. Our researchers at MORU use a combination of artemisinin and two partner drugs instead of one. If confirmed safe and tolerable, triple artemisinin combination therapies might be a good option to treat multi-drug resistant malaria, as well as slow down the emergence and spread of anti-malarial resistance.

Rob van der Pluijm: Tracking antimalarial resistance and treatment of malaria using Triple ACTs

In the falciparum malaria parasite cycle, the gametocyte stages are responsible for the transmission from person to mosquito, then to other persons. A better understanding of how gametocytes respond to malaria treatments would help us block transmission and ultimately eliminate malaria.

Andrea Ruecker: Blocking malaria transmission

Although malaria is decreasing in Myanmar, resistance to anti-malarials is on the rise in the region and the focus is now to treat people early, particularly in remote communities. MOCRU has set up a network of community health workers, trained and supplied with diagnostics, bednets and treatments, to help improve access to healthcare as well as produce the evidence to encourage policy changes.

Frank Smithuis: Fighting malaria in Myanmar

Primaquine is a drug used to eliminate vivax malaria from the liver and prevent relapses. However, it causes anaemia in patients with G6PD deficiency. A new, slightly longer regimen with increasing doses of primaquine could allow to safely treat all patients with vivax malaria.

James Watson: Primaquine and vivax malaria

Malaria is the most important parasitic infection to still affect humans, and a safe use of antimalarial drugs is paramount. The current explosion of clinical data is causing a jungle of data; making sense of all this data will greatly help us in our fight to eliminate malaria.

Xin Hui Chan: Using big data to eliminate malaria

Multidrug resistant bacteria are a major problem in Southeast Asia, particularly for infections acquired in hospitals. Patients data and bacteria sequence allow the reconstruction of transmission networks. Using these date, we can also build simulations to investigate the impact of possible interventions, which then inform future clinical trials.

Tom Crellen: Transmission dynamics of hospital acquired infections

Although malaria has greatly declined in Southeast Asia this century, treating clinical cases won’t be sufficient to eliminate it from the region. Mass drug administration allows to eliminate parasites from asymptomatic carriers, and careful engagement with whole communities is key.

Tom Peto: Malaria elimination and mass drug administration

Prescription of antibiotics at the point of care is very high in Southeast Asia. Simple tests can help health workers determine which patients actually need antibiotics, but we need to ensure that the benefits and advantages are clearly explained. In the long term, those tests could represent a sustainable alternative to the massive prescription of antibiotics in developing countries.

Thomas Althaus: Antibiotic prescription in primary care

Primaquine can be used both to treat vivax malaria and to prevent the transmission of falciparum malaria from human to mosquito. A shorter and age-based primaquine regimen would reduce the burden of vivax malaria. It would also allow primaquine to be used more widely to block the transmission of falciparum malaria.

Bob Taylor: Primaquine for vivax and falciparum malaria

Pratap Kumar works at the Strathmore University in Nairobi, Kenya, and has a strong interest in Global Health. He uses health technology and entrepreneurship to support frontline health care workers in doing a better job, and even through remote support where patients present complicated cases.

Pratap Kumar: Supporting frontline healthcare workers

Dorothy Oluoch is a researcher working at the KEMRI Wellcome Trust Research Programme. Her main area of research involves documenting the roles and perceptions of mothers of hospitalized sick newborns with an aim of learning how they cope with the stress of caring for a sick newborn and how their experiences and voices could be formally engaged into care provision strategies.

Dorothy Oluoch: Roles and perceptions of mothers of hospitalized sick newborns

Dr Chris Paton works at the Centre for Tropical Medicine in Global Health, University of Oxford. His work around the LIFE project offers simulation based training in low income countries and is aimed at saving lives through innovative use of smartphones and mobile devices.

Chris Paton: Simulation based training

David Gathara is an epidemiologist working with the KEMRI Wellcome Trust Research Programme in Nairobi, Kenya. David works on assessment of quality of clinical care in nursing. He was previously involved in clinical trials using statistical models and on human resources for health with a bias in nursing care.

David Gathara: Assessing clinical care in nursing

Jacinta Nzinga, a researcher in health systems at the KEMRI Wellcome Trust Research Programme, works on the health work force, particularly in nursing. She explores the main issues that impact on the quality of nursing care provided to sick newborns in hospitals in Nairobi City County.

Jacinta Nzinga: Quality of nursing care for sick newborns

Gregory Omondi talks about his interest in research while highlighting the work he does at the KEMRI Wellcome Trust Research Programme. He works on Health Systems Research - Improving quality of new-born services in Kenyan health facilities. His main area is on ergonomics that unpack the complex tasks performed by nurses in the newborn units.

Gregory Omondi: Improving quality of newborn care

Dr Georgina Murphy, health systems researcher was working at the University Oxford and the KEMRI Wellcome Trust Research Programme in Kenya. She is an epidemiologist by training and has been working on health systems strengthening on the Health Services that Deliver for newborns (HSD-N) programme in Kenya with her main focus on neonatal care.

Georgina Murphy: Health systems strengthening

Quality data is vital to design better malaria control programmes. This project helps various African countries gather epidemiological evidence to better control malaria. Professor Bob Snow shows how sub-regional, evidence-based platforms can effectively change malaria treatment policies.

Bob Snow: Malaria control in Africa

Multidrug resistant P. falciparum malaria is now established in parts of Thailand, Laos and Cambodia, causing high treatment failure rates for artemisinin combination therapies, the main falciparum malaria medicines.
A further spread from Myanmar to India then sub-Saharan Africa would be a global public health disaster. TME seeks the best ways to eliminate drug-resistant malaria, using both technical solutions and novel ways that engage entire communities.

Lorenz von Seidlein: Malaria elimination in the Greater Mekong sub-region

A molecular microbiologist, Dr Janjira’s research focusses on using bacterial typing based on genome to confirm which disease is present in a patient. She aims to develop a single whole genome sequence type test using mutliple-PCR assays that can determine from a single sample of blood what bacteria or viruses are present in a patient’s blood – thereby speeding up diagnosis and potentially saving lives in resource-limited settings.

Janjira Thaipadungpanit: Molecular diagnosis and bacterial genotyping

Having a background in malaria physiology and biochemistry, Markus Winterberg’s research focus is on the interaction between host, pathogen and drug, the metabolism of antimalarial drugs and discovering biomarkers for tropical diseases. Markus aims to use these biomarkers to develop non-invasive, field-based rapid diagnostic tests for tropical diseases that quickly identify pathogens, thereby improving diagnostics and the treatment of patients.

Markus Winterberg: Biomarkers for tropical diseases

To prevent relapse or reinfection, melioidosis requires a specific and prolonged treatment. Melioidosis is endemic at least 45 countries, but greatly under-reported, with a microbiological culture required to confirm diagnosis. This can take 2-7 days. In Thailand, up to 40 percent of hospital admitted melioidosis patients die. Premjit works with MORU researchers who have produced a rapid diagnostic test that aims to improve both diagnosis and public awareness of melioidosis.

Premjit Amornchai: MORU Biosafety Level 3 and melioidosis in Thailand

Delivering health care in Indonesia is a challenge, made more difficult by the geography and distances. Our EOCRU unit specialises in clinical trials on tropical infections, particularly Plasmodium vivax malaria. Current treatments with primaquine are effective but very toxic for patients with G6PD deficiency. Better point of care diagnostics can help us treat all patients safely.

Kevin Baird: Infectious diseases in Indonesia

High altitude illness can be prevented by a simple rule: don't go too high, too fast. Drugs can also be used, and Dr Basnyat showed that a much lower dose of Diamox, a commonly used drug, is as effective. His research also focusses on the effect of high altitude on pilgrims, an older, poorer and more vulnerable population.

Buddha Basnyat: High altitude illness

A quick and efficient response to an outbreak requires strong central communication and coordination. Information needs to be shared quickly and then fed into patient care and policy. A wider approach, cutting across disciplines and specialities, helps limit the number of infected people and the impact on the economy.

Gail Carson: Outbreak, the clinical research response

Laos is seing a growing number of melioidosis, a bacterial infection caused by a bacterium that lived in the environment. Meliolidosis is a disease greatly under-recognised and treatment is specific, making it a major threat to farmers in developing countries. A better understanding of the prevalence of this infection and how it spreads allows us to better target prevention and treatment.

David Dance: Bacterial infections in Laos

WWARN is a network of research that analyses pooled data of numerous clinical trials. The sheer size of those data sets allows study groups to answer questions that couldn't be asked of a normal size clinical trial, such as the efficacy of an anti-malarial drug on malnourished or severely anaemic children. This research helps design policies to maintain the efficacy of current anti-malaria drugs, currently threatened by growing resistance.

Georgina Humphreys: Optimising malaria treatment

Poor quality medicines are a serious threat to our health. Falsified medicines and substandards medicines are a problem for all countries, but particularly for low and middle income countries where we see, for example, a large epidemic of fake anti-malarial drugs. Globally, better medicine regulatory authorities will help improve the quality of our medicines.

Paul Newton: Poor quality medicines

Resistance to antibiotics is a growing issue worldwide. Mapping where the resistance is as well as its distribution and diversity is hampered by the lack of laboratory facilities in many parts of the world. New technologies allow the characterisation of whole pathogen communities, giving us clues where multi-drug resistant organisms come from. This can help set up a better public health perspective surveillance.

Olga Tosas-Auguet: Mapping bacterial antibiotic resistance

Nurses in Kenyan hospitals are very busy, with high nurse to patients ratios. They face an extremely stressful environment, exacerbated by bad reports in the press.
Babies are particularly vulnerable during their first two days of life. A better understanding of the coping mechanisms put in place by those nurses could help us ensure a better survival rate for these babies.

Jacob McKnight: Neonatal nursing in Kenya

Antibiotic resistance is one of today's major global health problems. Mathematical models help us answer what if questions and evaluate the impact of specific interventions such as hands hygiene on the spread of bacterial drug resistance. Effective solutions are then translated into policy changes or changes in practice at national or international level.

Ben Cooper: Modelling bacterial drug resistance

Malaria epidemiology focuses on two main challenges to malaria elimination: antimalarial drug resistance and the movement of people that are spreading the malaria parasite. Travel surveys and cellphone records, combined with population parasite genetics help predict the spread of malaria and of drug resistance. Close coordination with all groups and agencies involved is crucial to malaria surveillance and elimination strategies.

Richard Maude: Epidemiology and malaria elimination

Melioidosis is endemic in at least 45 countries, but greatly under-reported. Up to 50% of cases seen in hospital die. Our Researchers at MORU have produced a rapid diagnostic test that aims to improve both diagnosis and public awareness. Better coordination between researchers and policy makers is needed to face upcoming emerging infectious diseases.

Direk Limmathurotsakul: Microbiology research in SE Asia

Research is only as good as the evidence it generates, and data management is a critical part of this process since it supports findings. High quality data must be preserved for long term use and available to the research community. Ultimately, data is not about numbers, but about people's lives and health.

Naomi Waithira: Why data management matters

For malaria, parasite resistance and treatment efficacy is dynamic. Resistance to artemisinin, sometimes induced by poor quality medicines, causes artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) to start failing. A robust system for surveillance of resistance can help ensure people get the right treatment at the right time.

Mehul Dhorda: Finding the best malaria treatments

More effective diagnosis and treatments are needed to reduce the morbidity and mortality affecting malaria patients. Researchers at the Malaria Laboratory at MORU study the pathophysiology of the disease, and test new compound drugs for anti-malarial activity. In the context of growing artemisinin resistance, this research will have a global impact.

Kesinee Chotivanich: Malaria laboratory at MORU

The majority of people infected with the dengue virus experience a flu-like febrile illness, but in a small proportion of patients, particularly children, the virus causes the blood vessels to become leaky which can induce shock and lead to death. Improved diagnosis and understanding of the disease process enable better outcomes for patients with severe dengue.

Bridget Wills: Dengue diagnosis and management

In a learning health system, health care providers use electronic health records to identify problems, implement local solutions and check if the solutions are effective. Health informatics, or the use of IT in healthcare, needs to find innovative solutions for low income settings, such as the use of open-source softwares and mobile technology. This approach has been used to deliver training to rural healthcare workers in Kenya.

Chris Paton: Global health informatics

Whereas children mortality has dramatically decreased over the past 15 years, almost half the remaining mortality still occurs during the first 4 weeks of age. Neonatology, or care of newborns, doesn't need to be difficult or expensive. Low cost intervertions involving communities, such as keeping babies warm, save lives.

Claudia Turner: Tropical neonatology

Infectious diseases are prevalent in Cambodia, a country that is struggling with poor infrastructure. Streptococcus pneumoniae causes the most severe form of pneumonia and is now targeted by the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. Dr Paul Turner is studying the effect of this vaccine in field conditions in SE Asia, as well as other direct applications such as the evaluation of a new diagnostic test for Typhoid and interventions to reduce the burden of infections acquired within hospitals.

Paul Turner: Microbiology in the tropics

In pregnant women, severe malaria is responsible for high maternal mortality, and uncomplicated malaria results in in high morbidity. Careful documentation of treatments showed that, although not all drugs are available for pregnant women, early treatment can greatly increase the outcome of the pregnancy, and give that child a better chance at a productive life.

Rose McGready: Malaria in pregnancy

Men who have sex with men (MSM) are a stigmatised group in Africa, but a predominant actor in the transmission of HIV. Recognising this vulnerability and developing better prevention programmes targeted to this population will ultimately reduce the wider public health impact of HIV epidemic.

Eduard Sanders: Reducing HIV

Understanding the variation of malaria risk between houses, villages or region, and how malaria is transmitted in and around that variability helps develop better malaria control programmes and use their resources more wisely. Since malaria control tools are becoming less effective with time, progress in vaccine design is essential.

Philip Bejon: Malaria in Kenya

Over 250 Institutions participate in the effort of sharing data on the efficacy of antimalarial drugs, which involves standardising and re-analysing data. Bringing all this data together creates new evidence that can be translated into policy practice, offering new therapeutic options for particular populations.

Philippe Guérin: Sharing data to fight malaria

Melioidosis is a neglected tropical disease, and a major infectious killer in South East Asia. Melioidosis particularly affects people with diabetes. Dr Dunachie studies how the patients' own immune system fight the disease, with the aim of designing a vaccine that could stop people getting sick and dying.

Susanna Dunachie: Tropical Immunology

Too high a dose can result in toxicity and side-effects, too low a dose can cause the illness to come back and at worse develop resistance. In the case of malaria, it is particularly important to get the dosage right for more vulnerable patients such as children and pregnant women. Professor Joel Tarning's findings have now been adopted by the World Health Organisation.

Joel Tarning: Getting the dose right

Artemisinins are very poweful tools in the treatment of malaria, and the emerging loss of their activity has the potential to create a major public health problem. Understanding how this resistance has developed and spread helps better treat patients, treat populations and eliminate malaria, which is the new goal in South East Asia.

Charlie Woodrow: Artemisinin Resistance

Identifying and addressing ethical issues are key to the success of any clinical trials, particularly when working with vulnerable populations. Tackling these issues helps improve the quality of research and translate the evidence of clinical trials into improvement of management of patients.

Phaik Yeong Cheah: The ethics of research

In settings with high level of poverty and over-stretched health services, researchers have even greater responsibilities to the communities and study participants. Strenghtening the ethics of research will help address the burden of disease and death born by low to middle income countries.

Vicki Marsh: Science and Society

Economics and health are interlinked in many ways, as seen in the vicious cycle between poverty and ill health. Merging data from various research areas within economic models allows a more efficient use of scarce resources. Economic evaluation helps ensure that cost effective interventions are included in policy recommendations.

Yoel Lubell: The economics of tropical diseases

Enteric fever, an infection caused by either Salmonella typhi or Salmonella paratyphi, has been eliminated in most industrialised countries but is an increasing burden in developing countries, particularly in South East Asia. Antibiotics resistance limits safe and affordable treatment options. Training the next generation of doctors and scientists in the worst hit countries will help develop a successful and sustainable partnership.

Christiane Dolecek: Enteric fever

Research on emerging infectious diseases can only be conducted during outbreaks. Although virology has improved, a well calibrated and effective public health response is often lacking. Epidemiological and clinical research as well as mathematical modelling will give us answers during the epidemics and help us provide better diagnostics and better treatments.

Peter Horby: Emerging infectious diseases

The number of people who die from tuberculous meningitis depends on how early you get treatment for the disease. There are therefore two approaches to improving clinical outcomes, the first is to diagnose the condition faster so clinical intervention can happen sooner. The second is to improve treatments so that they are more effective.

Guy Thwaites: Tuberculous meningitis

Healthcare and research at the Thai-Burma border: Combining healthcare and research allow Professor Nosten to implement a new treatment regimen as soon as the results from clinical trials are available, which is beneficial to patients and highly rewarding for researchers.

François Nosten: Between research and humanitarian

Professor Mike English leads the Health Services Unit at the KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme in Nairobi, Kenya. This unit aims to strengthen equality in access to affordable quality health care in Africa. Studies are based on health systems clustered around five main topics: malaria, service delivery & access, information for decision making, governance and financing. Professor English leads efforts to develop multidisciplinary links with Oxford through the Oxford Health Systems Research Collaboration (OHSCAR).

Mike English: Better hospitals for children

Dr Ben Tsofa examines the effects of political decentralisation in Kenya, on sub-national level health sector governance and accountability.

Benjamin Tsofa: Translating research into policy

Professor Sassy Molyneux's main interests reside in Social science and Ethics in Public Health. Over the years, social scientists have developed a programme of empirical work on research ethics. This work is based on an understanding that while the ethics of human subjects research may be universal, there can be big differences across contexts and circumstances in key ethical issues or principles.

Sassy Molyneux: Governance in practice

Edwine Barasa is a DPhil student at the KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme in Nairobi, Kenya. He describes and evaluates the priority setting practices in county hospitals in Kenya.

Edwine Barasa: Economics of hospitals

Dr Grace Irimu evaluates the effect of introducing Ministry of Health basic pediatric protocols and ETAT+ in a university teaching hospital.

Grace Irimu: Improving quality of care

Dr Philip Ayieko works for SIRCLE, a Consortium for National Health Research, collaboration between KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, the University of Nairobi, College of Health Sciences and the Ministry of Medical Services. SIRCLE aims to build capacity for high quality health services and implementation research, and promote clinical excellence by engaging trainee researchers in policy relevant research.

Philip Ayieko: Child health interventions

Jacinta Nzinga is a DPhil student at the KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme in Nairobi, Kenya. She examines how efforts to improve service delivery through adoption of recommended practices in Kenyan hospitals depend on health workers’ responses to improvement efforts, hospital context, actions of unit heads and the interaction between them.

Jacinta Nzinga: Hospitals, health workers and service delivery in Kenya

Dr Jalemba Aluvaala works for SIRCLE, a Consortium for National Health Research, collaboration between KEMRI - Wellcome Trust Research Programme, the University of Nairobi, College of Health Sciences and the Ministry of Medical Services. SIRCLE aims to build capacity for high quality health services and implementation research, and promote clinical excellence by engaging trainee researchers in policy relevant research.

Jalemba Aluvaala: Newborn care in Kenyan hospitals

Malaria is the most important parasitic disease of man. Although most of the deaths occur in Africa, drug resistance has emerged from South-East Asia. Artemisinins, which are plant-derived compounds originally from the Chinese Materia Medica, are still today the best treatment for malaria, however, other drugs are also showing promising results. Clinical trials are also undertaken to find out the correct doses. All these developments contribute to our progress in getting malaria under control.

Nick White: Artemisinin therapy for malaria

Rickettsial diseases such as scrub typhus are important causes of fever in southeast Asia especially in rural communities. Discovered quite recently and not big killers, these diseases are among the most under-reported and under-diagnosed illnesses that are both treatable and preventable. Rickettsial studies at he Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU) focus on the epidemiology and incidence of the disease using hospital-based fever studies in Thailand and Laos. Our research unit has developed highly improved acute diagnosis of rickettsial illness. MORU also has ongoing studies to determine the pathophysiological mechanisms of scrub typhus infection.

Daniel Paris: Rickettsial Disease

The Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU) is a collaboration between the University of Oxford and Mahidol University, and was established with the Wellcome Trust in 1979. MORU aims to fight the infectious tropical diseases affecting rural communities in Asia and elsewhere in the developing world.
MORU's malaria research aims to directly improve the treatment of the disease globally. It's researchers focus on the treatment of severe malaria, the spread of antimalarial drug resistance, and the pathophysiology of falciparum and vivax malaria. These studies are used to formulate novel adjuvant therapies, and have been translated into recommendations for the use of artemisinin based combination therapies.

Nick Day: Infectious diseases in South East Asia

Acurately diagnosing infections is particularly challenging in tropical environments. Researchers at the Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU) are working to develop effective and practical means of diagnosing and treating malaria and other neglected tropical diseases, such as dengue fever. The development of rapid tests for dengue, similar to pregnancy tests, allow rapid and acurate diagnostics in the field.

Stuart Blacksell: Microbiology in Thailand

The Global Health Network is a successful and growing online science park comprised of varied research communities for different health research groups and cross-cutting health topics. It is built for the research and wider health community by researchers and public health practitioners themselves. It is a trusted source of quality information, education and research tools.

Trudie Lang: The Global Health Network

In both livestock and humans, Rift Valley Fever is caused by a virus that was first isolated in Kenya in 1930, but has since spread throughout Africa and parts of the Middle East. There are fears that it might spread to Europe as the mosquitoes which transmit the disease are widespread. Although it mainly affects livestock, it can also cause infection in humans.

George Warimwe: Rift Valley Fever

Malnutrition underlies between a quarter and a third of childhood mortality worldwide. It increases susceptibility to infectious diseases such as pneumonia and diarrhoea. A better understanding of the relationship between the child and the bacteria in their gut helps develop better treatments such as food supplementation or preventive treatment with low dose antibiotics.

Jay Berkley: Childhood Nutrition & Immunity

Successful malaria control has meant a drop in mortality rates worldwide but it is still an important disease. Therapies using artesunate, a derivative of artemisinin drugs, aim to kill malaria parasites before they mature. These therapies have high success rates and need to be developed. General care of malaria patients also needs to be improved.

Arjen Dondorp: The treatment of severe malaria

Malaria is a major problem for children in Africa. Over the last 10 years there has been a massive international investment for malaria control. This has driven major changes in the delivery of new drugs, ways of preventing malaria and also the basic research that aims to develop vaccines.

Kevin Marsh: Tropical Medicine in Kenya