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BackgroundThere is a paucity of data regarding blood culture utilization and antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) infections in low and middle-income countries (LMICs). In addition, there has been a concern for increasing AMR infections among COVID-19 cases in LMICs. Here, we investigated epidemiology of AMR bloodstream infections (BSI) before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Indonesian national referral hospital.MethodsWe evaluated blood culture utilization rate, and proportion and incidence rate of AMR-BSI caused by WHO-defined priority bacteria using routine hospital databases from 2019 to 2020. A patient was classified as a COVID-19 case if their SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR result was positive. The proportion of resistance was defined as the ratio of the number of patients having a positive blood culture for a WHO global priority resistant pathogen per the total number of patients having a positive blood culture for the given pathogen. Poisson regression models were used to assess changes in rate over time.ResultsOf 60,228 in-hospital patients, 8,175 had at least one blood culture taken (total 17,819 blood cultures), giving a blood culture utilization rate of 30.6 per 1,000 patient-days. A total of 1,311 patients were COVID-19 cases. Blood culture utilization rate had been increasing before and during the COVID-19 pandemic (both p  0.10). Incidence rate of hospital-origin AMR-BSI increased from 130.1 cases per 100,000 patient-days in 2019 to 165.5 in 2020 (incidence rate ratio 1.016 per month, 95%CI:1.016-1.017, p ConclusionsIn our setting, AMR-BSI incidence and etiology were similar between COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 cases. Incidence rates of hospital-origin AMR-BSI increased in 2020, which was likely due to increased blood culture utilization. We recommend increasing blood culture utilization and generating AMR surveillance reports in LMICs to inform local health care providers and policy makers.

Original publication

DOI

10.1186/s13756-022-01114-x

Type

Journal

Antimicrobial resistance and infection control

Publication Date

19/05/2022

Volume

11

Addresses

Division of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Cipto Mangunkusumo National Hospital - Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta Pusat, DKI Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia. robert.sinto01@ui.ac.id.

Keywords

Humans, Bacteria, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Cross Infection, Sepsis, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Hospitals, Referral and Consultation, Indonesia, Pandemics, Blood Culture, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2